Nosso artigo visa um estudo sobre os cadernos intitulados como “Manuscritos econômico-filosóficos” de Karl Marx, do ano de 1844, tendo em vista a posição privilegiada que o texto ocupa no desenvolvimento do pensamento do autor. Do mesmo modo, os manuscritos guardam os primeiros estudos teóricos da economia política de um jovem Marx e seu pensamento precoce – anterior àquele de “O capital” –, ao mesmo tempo que também representou o aprimoramento das “armas da crítica” pela “crítica das armas” contra (...) os jovens hegelianos do grupo de Berlim (principalmente Bauer e Stirner) e o pensamento e herança deixada por Hegel. Tais estudos possivelmente também foram importantes para a edificação da amizade que ele também começaria poucos meses após os manuscritos serem “concluídos” – conclusão que só seria realizada com a publicação mas que nunca ocorreu durante a vida de Karl Marx, senão, ocorreria apenas em 1932 (integralmente) com a redescoberta dos mesmos alguns anos antes com o impulso da revolução bolchevique na Rússia. Por fim, buscaremos apontar em que medida as concepções e o pensamento do jovem autor se conservam ou se transformam – parcial ou completamente – nos anos imediatamente posteriores. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca analisar e compreender o legado deixado por uma das correntes políticas e intelectuais mais influentes do século 20, o marxismo. Em meio a um contexto histórico de crise do capitalismo, e do marxismo, tendo este perdido influência enquanto orientação política nos partidos e movimentos políticos contemporâneos, bem como nas ciências humanas e sociais, principalmente, buscamos reconstruir alguns aspectos que permitem compreender algumas particularidades e limites dessa corrente no século passado. Ainda, em meio a compreensão do desenvolvimento (...) do marxismo no século 20, também buscamos contribuir para deixar claro, em que medida, o pensamento de Marx ainda pode servir para contribuir para a compreensão crítica da sociedade moderna e suas lutas por emancipação. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa tratar do “novo materialismo” na filosofia de Karl Marx após 1845, com a produção das chamadas _Teses ad Feuerbach_. Nesse sentido, buscaremos expor essa nova concepção filosófica através da reformulação da relação sujeito-objeto levada a cabo por Marx, que levou o autor a uma noção crítica de ciência, distinta daquela que vigorava no pensamento europeu e posteriormente caracterizada como tradicional, bem como da crítica da metafísica da economia política. A partir dessas críticas, a concepção marxiana (...) se apresenta como uma continuação da chamada _deutsch Wissenschaft_, uma ciência filosófica, influenciada desde Hegel, que agora coloca o modo de produção capitalista como objeto crítico que constitui uma essência histórica específica e que deve ser conhecida enquanto tomada de consciência de si e por si apontando para a necessidade de rompimento com uma atividade científica instrumentalizada pelas necessidades do desenvolvimento das relações de produção e da valorização da riqueza capitalistas. Nesse sentido, a filosofia marxiana, tendo a negatividade como motor da razão, fundamenta uma teoria crítica e revolucionária da sociedade capitalista e reivindica uma práxis emancipadora e emancipada dos interesses e finalidades da produção capitalista estrita. (shrink)

Die "Deutsche Ideologie" enthält zu großen Teilen fragmentarische Textstücke, die Bausteine der historisch-materialistischen Gesellschafts- und Geschichtstheorie bilden, die tief in das 19. Jahrhundert und die Philosophiegeschichte eingebettet ist. Die vornehmlich von Marx und Engels verfasste Schrift ist gleichermaßen Gedankenlaboratorium, polemische Streitschrift und der Beginn der Dogmatisierung. Diese Schwellensituation macht den anhaltenden Reiz der Schrift aus, in der eine Vielzahl von systematischen und methodischen Fragen diskutiert und variiert werden. Das unvollendete Werk hat eine eigentümliche Editionsgeschichte und bis heute steht die Publikation (...) in der MEGA aus. Der Band in der Reihe "Klassiker Auslegen" ist international der erste Versuch, das Werk als Ganzes und in seiner Widersprüchlichkeit zu thematisieren und zu kommentieren. In der "Deutschen Ideologie" betreiben Marx und Engels eine "Aufhebung bzw. Verwirklichung der Philosophie" in positiver Wissenschaft und das Werk steht im Kontext der beginnenden Ausdifferenzierung von Sozialwissenschaften aus der umfassenden praktischen Philosophie Hegels. Aus heutiger Sicht kann man dies sowohl als philosophisch inspirierte Gesellschaftstheorie begreifen, wie auch als eine politische Philosophie, deren Kern eine Kritik an der "bürgerlichen" Auffassung von Politik ist. Der Text gewährt Einblicke, in den Prozess der Formierung einer neuartigen Form von Makrotheorie, wobei sich neben dem klassentheoretisch-kollektivistischen, individualistische, philosophisch-normative und positivistische Ansätze in ihr finden. Solche Spannungen werden in den Kommentaren ausgelotet und in ihrer Widersprüchlichkeit diskutiert. Die Interpretationen entwickeln jenseits alter Frontstellungen einen frischen Blick, mit dem die Vielfalt, Anregungen und die Fallstricke und Defizite der divergierenden Ansätze, die sich in der "Deutschen Ideologie" finden lassen, prinzipiell erörtert werden. Neben den Kommentaren zu den systematischen Problemen enthält der Band Interpretationen zu den polemischen Auseinandersetzungen mit Stirner, Bruno Bauer, Feuerbach und dem "deutschen Sozialismus". Mit Beiträgen von: H. Bluhm, M. Bohlender, W. Eßbach, Ch. Hennig, G. Hindrichs, A. MacIntyre, St. Koslowski, M. Quante, K. Roth, D. Thomä, U. Tietz und Ch. Weckwerth. (shrink)

El concepto de «transposición», tomado de la obra del psicólogo alemán Karl Bühler, le servirá a Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio para analizar el importante papel que desempeña la metáfora en el desarrollo del lenguaje humano. Este artículo ofrece una lectura comparada y complementaria de los diversos sentidos que adopta el término de «transposición» en ambos autores, así como sus implicaciones filosóficas de fondo.

Autonomy has been central to moral and political philosophy for millenia, and has been positioned as a critical aspect of both justice and wellbeing. Research in psychology supports this position, providing empirical evidence that autonomy is critical to motivation, personal growth and psychological wellness. Responsible AI will require an understanding of, and ability to effectively design for, human autonomy (rather than just machine autonomy) if it is to genuinely benefit humanity. Yet the effects on human autonomy of digital experiences are (...) neither straightforward nor consistent, and are complicated by commercial interests and tensions around compulsive overuse. This multi-layered reality requires an analysis that is itself multidimensional and that takes into account human experience at various levels of resolution. We borrow from HCI and psychological research to apply a model (“METUX”) that identifies six distinct spheres of technology experience. We demonstrate the value of the model for understanding human autonomy in a technology ethics context at multiple levels by applying it to the real-world case study of an AI-enhanced video recommender system. In the process we argue for the following three claims: 1) There are autonomy-related consequences to algorithms representing the interests of third parties, and they are not impartial and rational extensions of the self, as is often perceived; 2) Designing for autonomy is an ethical imperative critical to the future design of responsible AI; and 3) Autonomy-support must be analysed from at least six spheres of experience in order to approriately capture contradictory and downstream effects. (shrink)

The German tradition of considering species, and higher taxonomic entities, as individuals begins with the temporalization of natural history, thus pre-dating Darwin’s ‘Origin’ of 1859. In the tradition of German Naturphilosophie as developed by Friedrich Schelling, species came to be seen as parts of a complex whole that encompasses all (living) nature. Species were comprehended as dynamic entities that earn individuality by virtue of their irreversible passage through time. Species individuality was conceived in terms of species taxa forming a spatiotemporally (...) located relational system (complex whole), a conception of species that was easily assimilated to an evolutionary world view. However, the dynamics of an evolutionary process driven by variation and natural selection created a tension between continuity in nature as opposed to the discreteness and relative stasis of species. As a consequence, some authors such as Ernst Haeckel and Karl August Möbius denied the reality of species, while others explicitly linked the reality and individuality of species to their temporal duration. The mature conception of species as individuals, as formulated by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and adopted by Willi Hennig, is one of an historically conditioned, spatiotemporally located, causally integrated, dynamic yet transiently homeostatically stabilized relational system. (shrink)

– This paper aims to examine the present status of the research field intercultural information ethics including the foundational debate as well as specific issues., – A critical overview of the recent literature of the field is given., – The present IIE debate focuses on a narrow view of the field leaving aside comparative studies with non‐digital media as well as with other epochs and cultures. There is an emphasis on the question of privacy but other issues such as online (...) communities, governmentality, gender issues, mobile phones, health care and the digital divide are on the agenda., – The paper addresses basic issues of IIE that may open new vistas for research and practice in this field. (shrink)

The first aim is to provide well-articulated concepts by thinking through elementary phenomena of today s world, focusing on privacy and the digital, to clarify who we are in the cyberworld hence a phenomenology of digital whoness. The second aim is to engage critically, hermeneutically with older and current literature on privacy, including in today s emerging cyberworld. Phenomenological results include concepts of i) self-identity through interplay with the world, ii) personal privacy in contradistinction to the privacy of private property, (...) iii) the cyberworld as an artificial, digital dimension in order to discuss iv) what freedom in the cyberworld can mean, whilst not neglecting v) intercultural aspects and vi) the EU context.". (shrink)

This paper deals with the deuteros plous, literally ‘the second voyage’, proverbially ‘the next best way’, discussed in Plato’s Phaedo, the key passage being Phd. 99e4-100a3. I argue that (a) the ‘flight into the logoi’ can have two different interpretations, a standard one and a non-standard one. The issue is whether at 99e-100a Socrates means that both the student of erga and the student of logoi consider images (‘the standard interpretation’), or the student of logoi does not consider images but (...) that “consistency should suffice for truth” (‘the non-standard interpretation’); (b) the non-standard one implies the problem of the hypothesis, a problem analogous to the problem of the elenchus; (c) there is a structural analogy between Descartes’ ontological argument for the existence of God in his 5th Meditation and the final proof for the immortality of the soul in the Phaedo. (shrink)

Corporations perform actions that can inflict harm with different levels of intensity, from death to material loss, to both companies’ internal and external stakeholders. Research has analysed corporate harm using the notions of corporate social irresponsibility and corporate crime. Critical management studies have been subjecting management and organizational practices and knowledge to critical analysis, and corporate harm has been one of the main concerns of CMS. However, CMS has rarely been deployed to analyse CSIR and corporate crime. Thus, the aim (...) of this paper is to critically analyse the perspectives of CSIR and corporate crimes on corporate harm via CMS in general and postcolonial studies in particular. The paper contributes by arguing that research on CSIR and corporate crime could be perceived as producing research that does not challenge the essence of contemporary corporation profit-seeking activities that ultimately produces corporate harm. We argue that CSIR and corporate crime are ideologies that assist in disguising the contradiction between producing shareholder value and the social good that is at the heart of the modern corporation system and the current economic system. Furthermore, the postcolonial view of CSIR and corporate crime highlights how they are based on a Western-centric view of corporate harm that ignores the realities and perspectives of the Global South, especially in situations where corporate harm leads to death in the Global South. (shrink)

Este artículo reseña: Thomas CASADEI - Gianfrancesco ZANETTI, Manual de Filosofía del Derecho. Figuras, categorías, contextos, Prefacio y traducción de Fernando H. Llano Alonso, Madrid, Tecnos, 2023, 504 pp.

The paper addresses severalethical issues in online communication researchin light of digital ontology as well as theepistemological questions raised by theblurring boundary between fact and theory inthis field. The concept of ontology is used ina Heideggerian sense as related to the humancapacity of world construction on the basis ofthe givenness of our being-in-the-world.Ethical dilemmas of Internet research thusarise from the tension between bodily existenceand the proper object of research, i.e., onlineexistence. The following issues are beingconsidered: online identity, online language,online consent (...) and confidentiality. We alsoargue that research ethics in the US followsthe utilitarian tradition, while Europeanresearchers are deontologically oriented. Aguideline of best practice in online researchethics is proposed. (shrink)

Voltaire, 1694-1778 -- Guizot 1787-1874 -- Burckhardt 1818-1897 -- Lamprecht 1856-1915 -- Huizinga 1872-1945 -- Ortega y Gasset 1883-1955.

J. S. Mill and the Art of Compromise The word compromise means a kind of agreement and a concession to something harmful or wrong. I argue that particularly this second sense is quite relevant in the ethics of political action. John Stuart Mill focused upon this issue in his Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform 1859. I outline Mill's doctrine on compromise looking at the external and internal features of an acceptable measure of compromise. These features provide a set of conditions necessary (...) in order for compromise to take place, but they do not guarantee sufficient conditions. In order to assess Mill's political coherence and to draw a general distinction between strategic and ethical compromises the paper concludes by considering two compromise measures that Mill adopted while he was a Member of Parliament. (shrink)

Deepfakes are highly realistic, albeit fake, audiovisual contents created with AI. This technology allows the use of deceptive audiovisual material that can impersonate someone’s identity to erode their reputation or manipulate the audience. Deepfakes are also one of the applications of AI that can be used in cultural industries and even to produce works of art. On the one hand, it is important to clarify whether deepfakes in arts and culture are free from the ethical dangers mentioned above. On the (...) other hand, there are specific ethical issues in this field of application. Deepfake technologies can be used to include the performance of deceased persons in audiovisual materials for the dissemination of cultural heritage, and to generate images or sounds in the style of real authors, but deepfakes are also potentially misleading by blurring the boundary between artwork and reality, and raise questions about the relationship between technology, artificial creativity and authorship. The answer to these problems requires an analysis of the normative foundations of copyright to accommodate the new role of AI. (shrink)

Reseña d ela obra de Stefania Zanardi, _Umanesimo e umanesimi. Saggio introduttivo alla storiografia di Eugenio Garin_, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2019, 129 pp.

The numberless unprecedented situations attached today to the concept of transnational diaspora arise the debate of whether or not this phenomenon signals a new era. Our own contention is that it does represent a factor of new kinds of heterogenization of both the societal reality and of the diasporas themselves, as worldwide entities. It is in this dialectic perspective that we describe transnational diasporas as causes of discontinuity in our world and point out to the qualitative change in the social (...) fabrics that they represent. Among other aspects, dual or threefold homeness that is bound to the transnational condition signifies for diasporans a slipping away from the totalistic character of the commitment and view of the nation that the nation-state requires of its citizens. When viewed in its multiplicity, the cohabitation under the same societal roof of a priori alien socio-cultural entities yields a configuration that is not uniform in every setting, but which still responds in its essentials to the new reality experienced by many a contemporary society.To illustrate this approach, this paper compares four well-known contemporary transnational diasporas—namely, the Muslim, African, Hispanic and Chinese. (shrink)

Nuestro propósito en este artículo es analizar desde un punto de vista epistemológico el debate científico sobre el niño “salvaje” de Aveyron que se inicia en la Ilustración tardía, en el ámbito del método y prácticas médico-pedagógicas, y que se extiende a mediados del siglo XX en el campo de las ciencias sociales. Consideramos que la metodología de investigación científica y los tratamientos aplicados para educar y transformar al niño “salvaje”, a través del disciplinamiento de sus sentidos, la enseñanza del (...) lenguaje y la adopción de costumbres civilizadas lo convierten no solo en un “caso” u “objeto” de investigación científica, sino también en un ser “anormal”, expuesto al encierro, la experimentación y la degradación física. Cuestionamos, en esta ocasión, el dispositivo denominado “máquina antropológica” que articula la antinomia epistemológica naturaleza y cultura, que constituye ontológicamente el estatus inferior del niño “salvaje” como “criatura”. A través de la postulación de la teoría filosófica de la infancia de G. Agamben como alternativa crítica, desarrollamos los conceptos de “silencio”, “resistencia” e “irrupción epistemológica” para abordar las cuestiones ontológicas y epistémicas que conciernen a Víctor de Aveyron desde una nueva perspectiva filosófica. (shrink)

New research on affective computing aiming to develop computer systems that recognize and respond to affective states can also contribute to the issues raised by Coan. Research on how humans interact with computers, and computer models that automatically recognize affective states from features in our physiology, behaviour, and language, may provide insights on how emotions that are experienced and expressed come to be. For example, there is empirical evidence that affect recognition techniques using several modalities are more accurate than those (...) using a single modality, but it is not clear if these improvements are caused by superadditivity (i.e., emergence) or redundancy. (shrink)

O tema deste artigo é o antagonismo entre duas “escolas” filosóficas que se desenvolveram a partir de princípios opostos: as “escolas” jônica e a itálica. Aquela desenvolveu-se desde Tales em Mileto, passando por Anaximandro, Anaxímenes, Heráclito, Leucipo, Demócrito, Epicuro..., cuja filosofia se denomina materialista A segunda, de Parmênides, Zenão... até, principalmente, Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles, cuja filosofia se chama idealista. O proposto é um esquema de releitura dessa história e uma problematização mínima das suas consequências. Verifica-se que desde a Antiguidade (...) os filósofos reconheciam a existência desse antagonismo e conscientemente opunham-se entre si, numa luta cuja vitória, a história o conta, foi dos idealistas. Não se trata de um estudo exaustivo de cada um desses filósofos, mas apenas alguns, aqueles por mim considerados mais exemplares da época dos primórdios da filosofia grega. Ressalta-se, ainda, que esse antagonismo vem sendo recorrentemente negligenciado nos manuais de história da filosofia. Como o único meio para mostrar isso é o de evidenciar a incoerência dos manuais a partir dos próprios textos e testemunhos desses filósofos, o leitor encontrará, com maior ênfase, uma análise do desenvolvimento do atomismo em Leucipo a partir da filosofia de Anaxímenes, ao contrário da afirmação costumeira de que o atomismo se originou da doutrina do Ser de Parmênides. (shrink)

The article assumes that the philosophers known as “pre-Socratics” should be understood for analyzing their fragments and for a critical analysis of the testimonies about them that have come to us. The Aristotelian reading prevailed, but today we are able to understand the Ionian philosophy in its particularity, each of its philosophers and the ideas common to them. We approach these philosophers together as members of a historical tradition, as this undoubtedly seems unavoidable for their proper understanding, and we pay (...) attention to the fundamental notions of necessity, evolution and freedom, a kind of backbone of Anaximander's thought to that of Lucretius. Especially in contrast to the idea of final cause, we consider that the Ionians followed the opposite path to the Aristotelian and that the Epicureans are their main heirs, hence the expression “Ionian-Epicurean philosophy”, for us created to designate what we believe to have been a long and legitimate philosophical tradition. (shrink)